A-Z Pharma science

Introduction Biotechnology is part of science in which technology is involved in producing or developing biological products; it utilizes biological systems, living organisms, or parts of this to develop or create different products. History of Terminology: Hungarian agriculture engineer Károly Ereky   (German:  Karl Ereky ; October 20, 1878 – June 17, 1952) was first coined the term Biotechnology in the year 1919 in his book “Biotechnolologie der Flieich-, Fett- und Milcherzeugung in landwirtschaftlichen Grossbetriebe” (Biotechnology of Meat, Fat and Milk Production in an Agricultural Large-Scale Farm);   He was regarded as the ‘Father of Biotechnology’.             Later American microbiologist Daniel Nathans ( October 30, 1928 – November 16, 1999 ) introduced the methods using enzymes on DNA double helix to profiled out the undiscovered secrets of DNA, in which double helix can be known to the world in future. Thus, addresses as the ‘Father of Modern Biotechnology’ Growth

Introduction In our previous blog , we’ve discussed THE PRINCIPLES OF ANTIBIOTICS , so that you can get a basic idea about the chapter. Today we’ll talk about β-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS. β-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS:    Þ    β-lactam antibiotics are called so due to the presence of β-lactam ring in their structure.      Þ    All of them i.e., Penicillin, Cephalosporin, carbapenem , and monobactams share a common mechanism of action (inhibition of synthesis of the bacterial peptidoglycan cell wall.      Þ    Inhibited by the β-lactamase enzyme.      Þ    Bactericidal in nature. PENICILLIN:      Þ    The Accidental Discovery:         In 1928, while studying Staphylococcus variants in his laboratory, Sir Alexander Flemming observed a mold contaminating one of his cultures resulting in bacterial lysis. The broth in which the fungus was developed showed inhibitory effects on other microorganisms too. As the fungus belonged to the genus Penicillium, he named the antibiotic–Penicillin.      In this cont

Introduction Antibiotics are ligands whose receptor are microbial proteins that function on the biochemical difference that exists between microorganisms and humans, they have the ability to selectively injure or kill an invading microorganism without harming the cells of the host. They are one of the few drugs which can cure, and not just suppress the disease. These are the most frequently used as well as misused drugs. Antibiotics or Antimicrobial agent (AMA):   designate synthetic as well as naturally obtained drugs that selectively suppress the growth of or kill other microorganisms. Classification :  A . Biochemical Pathways: B. Chemical structure: C . Class:  Antibacterial: Penicillins, Aminoglycosides, Erythromycin, Fluoroquinolones, etc. Antifungal: Griseofulvin, Amphotericin B, Ketoconazole, etc. Antiviral: Acyclovir, Amantadine, Zidovudine, etc. Antiprotozoal: Chloroquine, Pyrimethamine, Metronidazole, Diloxanide, etc. Anthelmintic: Mebendazole, Pyrantel, Niclosamide, Die

Bohr’s model of Atom: By utilizing the previous model’s on atom and molecules, Neils Bohr developed his own model. In Bohr’s model two major developments were introduced : Electromagnetic radiations having both wave-like and particle-like properties. The experimental results of atomic spectra. Wave nature of electromagnetic radiation: In the mid-nineteenth century, physicists studied that thermal radiations that are emitted by heated objects consist of electromagnetic waves of various frequencies or wavelengths. But James Maxwell in 1870 was the first who gives a good explanation about the electromagnetic waves or radiation , where he suggested that when any electrically charged particles are under acceleration, they produce and transmit alternating electrical and magnetic fields which are transmitted in the form of waves. Maxwell also reveals- the oscillating electric and magnetic character of light waves. After considering all the aspects we can summaries the properties in th