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Enzyme-Linked Receptors

These are transmembrane receptors linked with intracellular enzymes; physiological receptors consisting of an extracellular ligand-binding domain and an intracellular effector domain (intrinsic enzymatic activity) which activates the signal transduction pathway that leads to amplification and propagation of signals within the cell to alter cellular process via secondary messenger or transducers.   fig: Enzyme-linked receptors. The receptor molecules consist of single polypeptide chains with large, cysteine-rich extracellular domains, a short hydrophobic transmembrane domain (single α-helix), and an intracellular region containing one or more protein kinase domains. Signal Transduction Pathway: 1. Ligand Binding The inactive state of receptors is monomeric; when activated, these receptors undergo conformational changes resulting in increased cytosolic enzyme activity. This response lasts from minutes to an hour. 2. Conformational Change When the ligand binds to two

Pharmacy

PHARMACY & PHARMACISTS – “Cogitation towards Faith” Pharmacy, the word derived from the Greek word ‘Pharmakon’ means drug- drugs in a specific concentration and dosages are called medicine , and Medicines are lifesavers that cure disease and disorders by maintaining and regulating homeostasis. History of Pharmacy: From the era of ancient history, humans were using the crude extract from plants, animal, and mineral sources for treating diseases from which the traditional system of medication has started and with the passages of time Ayurveda, Unani, Allopath have evolved. The evolution of the pharmacy profession follows five milestones: Ancient Era - The beginning of time to AD 1600 Empiric Era - 1600 - 1940 Industrialization-1940 - 1970 Patient Care Era - 1970 - Present Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering Era- The new horizon In the last decade the changing lifestyle, with the advancement of fast food and the rise in pollution has caused an exponential r

UV-visible Spectroscopy

       Spectroscopy is a study where we can observe how properties of a matter interact with various types of radiated energy (mainly electromagnetic radiation) of the electromagnetic spectrum. The properties of matter absorb the energy and create an excited state . Basic of Electromagnetic Radiation: Wavelength: Distance between two Crests and two Troughs are called as wavelength.                                                         Denoted by- λ, Unit for wavelength- Ǻ, µ, nm, mµ,  etc.                                                                                                                                           Wavenumber: It is the number of waves passes through a space of 1 cm. It is reciprocal of the wavelength. Denoted by-  ʋ (number). ʋ = 1/λ The unit of wavenumber-  cm -1 . Frequency: It is the number of waves that can pass through a point in a duration of 1sec. Ø   It is denoted by ʋ and inversely proportional to wavelen